Typhoid Vaccine
What is Typhoid?
- Transmission: Typhoid fever is primarily spread through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. This can occur through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or through close contact with an infected individual who sheds the bacteria in their stool.
- Symptoms: The symptoms of typhoid fever typically develop 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria and may include:
- High fever, often lasting for several days
- Headache
- Abdominal pain and discomfort
- Weakness and fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Rose-colored spots on the chest or abdomen
- Enlarged spleen and liver
3. Complications: Without prompt treatment, typhoid fever can lead to serious complications such as intestinal perforation, which can cause life-threatening infections in the abdomen, as well as other complications affecting the liver, kidneys, and heart.
4. Treatment: Typhoid fever is typically treated with antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria from the body. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary, especially for severe cases or those with complications.
5. Prevention: Prevention of typhoid fever involves practicing good hygiene and sanitation measures, such as washing hands thoroughly with soap and water, drinking safe and clean water, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked foods, particularly in regions where typhoid fever is endemic. Vaccination against typhoid fever is also recommended for travelers to high-risk regions and for individuals at increased risk of exposure.
Typhoid Vaccine Price
High risk areas for Typhoid
- South Asia: Countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal have high rates of typhoid fever due to poor sanitation and contaminated water sources
Southeast Asia: Typhoid fever is also prevalent in countries like Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia, have high incidences of typhoid fever.
Central and South America: Typhoid fever is a concern in some countries in Central and South America, such as Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador.
Middle East: Certain areas in the Middle East, including Afghanistan, Iraq, and Yemen, have high rates of typhoid fever.
Other Regions: Typhoid fever can occur in other parts of the world, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices, inadequate access to clean water, and crowded living conditions.
Main symptoms of Typhoid Fever
Fever: A sustained high fever, often reaching temperatures of 103°F (39.4°C) or higher, is a hallmark symptom of typhoid fever. The fever may persist for several days or even weeks.
Headache: Many individuals with typhoid fever experience headaches, which can range from mild to severe.
Abdominal Pain: Abdominal pain and discomfort are common symptoms of typhoid fever. The pain may be generalized or localized to the lower right abdomen.
Weakness and Fatigue: Typhoid fever can cause extreme tiredness and weakness, making it difficult to carry out daily activities.
Loss of Appetite: Many individuals with typhoid fever experience a loss of appetite, which can contribute to weight loss and nutritional deficiencies.
Diarrhea or Constipation: Some individuals may develop diarrhea or constipation. Diarrhea is more common in the early stages of the illness, while constipation may occur later.
Rose-Colored Spots: A characteristic rash of small, rose-colored spots may appear on the chest or abdomen of some individuals with typhoid fever. These spots, known as “rose spots,” are temporary and typically fade within a few days.
Enlarged Spleen and Liver: In some cases, the spleen and liver may become enlarged, leading to abdominal tenderness and discomfort.
Ways to minimise the risk of typhoid fever during travel
Vaccination: Consider getting vaccinated against typhoid fever before traveling to regions where the disease is endemic or where there is a risk of exposure. There are two main types of typhoid vaccines available: the injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi) and the oral live attenuated vaccine (Vivotif). Consult with a healthcare professional to determine which vaccine is appropriate for you based on your travel plans and medical history.
Food and Water Safety: Be cautious about what you eat and drink while traveling in regions where typhoid fever is endemic. Drink only safe and clean water, preferably bottled water or water that has been boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine tablets. Avoid consuming ice cubes made from tap water. Eat foods that are thoroughly cooked and served hot, and avoid eating raw or undercooked meats, seafood, fruits, and vegetables.
Hand Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially before eating or handling food, and after using the bathroom or changing diapers. If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing at least 60% alcohol.
Avoid Street Food and Unsanitary Food Vendors: Be cautious when eating from street food vendors or establishments with poor sanitation practices. Choose food vendors that follow proper hygiene and food safety practices.
Peel Fruits and Vegetables: If you choose to eat fruits and vegetables, opt for varieties that can be peeled, and peel them yourself before consumption. This can help reduce the risk of ingesting bacteria from the surface of the produce.
Avoid Raw Dairy Products: Avoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, as they may be contaminated with typhoid bacteria.
Avoid Ice and Uncooked Foods: Avoid consuming ice, especially in beverages, as it may be made from contaminated water. Additionally, avoid eating salads, uncooked vegetables, and fruits that cannot be peeled, as they may be contaminated with bacteria.
Seek Medical Attention if Symptoms Develop: If you develop symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever, such as prolonged fever, headache, abdominal pain, or diarrhea, seek medical attention promptly for evaluation and treatment. Typhoid fever can be a serious illness if left untreated.
Typhoid vaccine
Injectable Typhoid Vaccine (Vi polysaccharide vaccine): This vaccine is administered as a single injection and is known by brand names such as Typhim Vi. It contains a component of the outer coating (polysaccharide) of the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. This vaccine is recommended for individuals aged 2 years and older and provides protection for about 2 years.
Oral Typhoid Vaccine (Ty21a live attenuated vaccine): This vaccine is taken orally as capsules or tablets and is known by brand names such as Vivotif. It contains live but weakened (attenuated) bacteria that stimulate the immune system. The oral vaccine is typically taken in a series of capsules or tablets over the course of several days or weeks, depending on the specific regimen. It is approved for individuals aged 6 years and older and provides protection for about 5 years.
